Beginning in 2011, a team of explorers led by Brent McGregor, Eduardo "Eddy" Cartaya and Scott Linn began exploring a system of spectacular glacier caves on Mount Hood. Over the next few years they photographed and surveyed more than 7,000 feet of sub-glacial passages, earning the caves the distinction of being the largest glacier cave system in the lower 48 states.
By 2016, the caves were gone.
The cause of the glacier caves’ collapse and disappearance is complex. Dr. Andreas Pflitsch, an expert in cave and subway climatology at Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, joined the expedition to Mount Hood in 2015 and 2016 to better understand what happened and why.
While the Sandy glacier has lost more than 50 percent of its mass in the last 100 years, there is more to the story than just climate change.
Click through the photos below to learn more about the disappearance of Mount Hood's glacier caves.
Images like this one helped popularize the dramatic glacier caves discovered on Mount Hood. After the caves were featured on OPB in 2013, national and international media from the BBC to the Smithsonian followed suit. Visits to the remote and dangerous caves increased steadily in the years that followed.
Brent McGregor
When the glacier cave team mapped Snow Dragon in 2012, this passage was part of a cave network that extended more than 7,000 feet in length.
Brent McGregor
Meltwater within the caves would often freeze into massive ice columns. Temperatures inside the caves fluctuated seasonally as outside air entered through the large cave entrances. Outside air traveling through the caves had the effect of enlarging the passageways.
Brent McGregor
Snow Dragon after the ceiling collapsed in late 2014 or early 2015.
Brent McGregor
As the 2,451-foot-long Snow Dragon cave collapsed, beginning in late 2014, it created a series of canyons within the Sandy Glacier. Once the process of collapse began, it proved unstoppable.
Brent McGregor
The collapsing Snow Dragon eventually created a massive canyon in the glacier. Within two years, all that remained was a field of rocks and snow.
Brent McGregor
The last 40 feet of Snow Dragon. The cave, which in 2013 measured 2,451 feet in length, was completely gone by 2017.
Brent McGregor
In 2015 and 2016, Pure Imagination was investigated by Dr. Andreas Pflitsch and his team from Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany. Using a variety of climate data loggers, temperature sensors and thermal imaging cameras, they sought to better understand the causes behind the sudden collapse of the glacier caves.
Brent McGregor
The spectacular "Cerberus Moulin" as it looked in November 2011. The moulin, or hole, dropped nearly 150 feet from the surface of the glacier to the floor of Pure Imagination cave. To enter and exit, the cave explorers used a complex system of ropes that were anchored into nothing more than snow and ice.
Brent McGregor
The glacier cave teams often entered the "Cerberus Moulin" at night when colder temperatures lessened the danger of collapsing ice and snow. In one year, the volume of this moulin increased by 400 percent. The moulin provided a second, upper entry point into the cave, possibly causing a "chimney" effect through which warm, outside air was sucked into the lower entrance, through the cave, and then into the moulin. Dr. Andreas Pflitsch maintains that these processes helped accelerate the collapse of the caves from within.
Brent McGregor
Areas of thin ice often formed beautiful skylights in the cave ceiling. When skylights melted out, holes would develop that allowed warm surface air to enter the caves. Dr. Andreas Pflitsch also identified dozens of warm springs within the caves that reached 78 degrees Fahrenheit. The mixing of cold and hot water created a fog that may also have exacerbated the melting, expansion, and ultimately the collapse of the caves.
Brent McGregor
"Kamp Tenacious" was the name given to the rocky, exposed and often uncomfortable patch of glacier at 6,400 feet in elevation that served as base camp. It had the benefit of providing excellent access to the three named glacier caves; Snow Dragon, Pure Imagination and Frozen Minotaur. Each year, teams of specialists would spend up to a week based at Kamp Tenacious to map, survey and conduct science within the unique glacier cave ecosystem. Lead explorers Brent McGregor, Eduardo "Eddy" Cartaya and Scott Linn made more frequent visits to keep tabs on seasonal changes to the caves.
Brent McGregor
Sunset over Kamp Tenacious. Mount Hood, Oregon.
Ed Jahn / OPB
The "Meeting Room" at Kamp Tenacious, where scientific findings were shared and expedition planning was discussed each morning and evening.
Ed Jahn / OPB
The Sandy Glacier has lost more than 50 percent of its mass over the past 100 years. Climate change is another trigger for the sudden collapse of the Mount Hood glacier caves.
Brent McGregor
This photo was taken just months after an OPB television crew and a team of glacier cave explorers spent days documenting the last remnants of Pure Imagination. Brent McGregor has identified potential new passages that could invite exploration in the future, but the caves as documented by OPB in 2013 are gone.
Brent McGregor
The mouth of the now-collapsed Snow Dragon cave used to point west toward the setting sun. The setting made for spectacular photos.
Brent McGregor
The entrance to Snow Dragon cave in January 2012. Note the distinction between so-called "permanent" glacier ice in the foreground and the deep annual snowpack at the cave mouth that would melt each summer. Eddy and Brent made up to seven trips to the caves in 2011 as they began their effort to explore and document the full extent of the cave system.
Brent McGregor
Snow Dragon cave, July 2013.
Brent McGregor
Brent McGregor, glacier cave explorer.
Katie Campbell / OPB/EarthFix
Eduardo "Eddy" Cartaya, glacier cave explorer.
Brent McGregor / OPB/EarthFix